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 The Ethereum community, core developers, researchers, and others, have consistently identified scalability as perhaps the single most important critical technical challenge that must be solved if blockchain applications are to gain widespread acceptance. Blockchain scalability is difficult, primarily because a typical blockchain design requires every node on the network to process every transaction, which limits the overall system's ability to process transactions to the processing power of a single node. There are two main ways to improve blockchain scalability. The first ("sharding") involves creating a well-designed base-layer blockchain protocol that, while maintaining most of the decentralization and security properties of a blockchain we see in the simple designs currently available, requires only a small number of nodes to see and process each transaction, allowing significantly more transactions to be processed in parallel at the same time. The second involves creating a “layer 2” protocol that sends a large number of transactions off-chain and only interacts with the underlying blockchain when the intention is to enter or exit the second-layer system or when the system is under attack. We believe both strategies are complementary, and we also believe that a multi-pronged strategy should be supported for Ethereum scalability, with scalability itself allowing all strategies to participate and treating them as complementary. Below is the technical literature on Ethereum’s scalability technologies sharding：
Examples of existing second-tier systems:
As the Ethereum blockchain reaches 1 million transactions per day, and Ethereum and other blockchain projects frequently reach the upper limit of their transaction processing capabilities, the need for scalable processing is becoming increasingly clear and urgent. To this end, in addition to the ongoing and upcoming work happening within scalability, we are launching two experimental stipend programs that we hope will empower more independent teams to collaborate with the Ethereum research team’s underlying scalability research and development efforts, as well as build independent second-layer projects that can embed and improve Ethereum’s scalability. All independent developer teams, companies, universities and academic groups are welcome to apply； We understand that different types of applicants may require different forms and processes, so we will be more flexible to accommodate the needs of individual teams. Sharding client subsidy projectOver the past few months, Sharding development has taken off rapidly. A detailed description of the initial prototype is approaching finalization, and a roadmap that allows it to be slowly introduced into Ethereum, with the first step being "loosely coupled", anchored to the Ethereum main chain through a "validator manager contract", and then gradually introducing increasingly tight integration with the Ethereum main chain. A reference implementation is being deployed on Py-EVm using python, and a python testnet is not far away. Next, we want you to get involved. We hope that the Ethereum Sharding test network, and the subsequent Sharding main network, can be a multi-client ecosystem from the beginning. The Ethereum Foundation does not support the implementation of any single privileged product. The research team funded by the Ethereum Foundation will continue to build an implementation in Python and possibly other languages, but this is expected to be first and ultimately a reference and proof of concept. While our goal is to continue a strong focus on research and specification, we don't expect to ultimately "win" the competition as the client that will gain the most actual users once the network launches. Instead, the Ethereum Foundation will open the stipend to independent teams in the community who want to help deploy an implementation or participate in the Sharding testnet and mainnet. These payments are not intended to be a major source of profit for the recipient organization ； They just want to cover some of the associated costs and convey the understanding that anyone who participates in this program will have access to a special opportunity to participate in the development of Ethereum 2.0, work closely with Ethereum core researchers, and be part of the development of the first batch of clients that will be available when the Sharding mainnet goes online. This will take the form of a differentiation program that will exist alongside a more general rewards program that the Foundation will release at a later date. Grants range from US$50,000 to US$1 million, with more available for highly successful projects ； The amount of the stipend will take into account the quality of the team, the scope of goal achievement, and the flow of the project throughout the life cycle. Participants will interact closely with the core research team and will play a key role in shaping the final specification (which will be developed during implementation details) and running the test network. Tier 2 Scalability Solutions Grant ProgramRecently, there has been a lot of independent research into how to enable blockchains like Ethereum to scale with layer 2 protocols. We understand and are delighted by the fact that developers and researchers are excited about research and implementation of technology in this area ； Many teams want the freedom to conceive and develop exclusive designs that incorporate their own ideas. We want to give teams like this an opportunity to practice their creativity and bring their scalable blockchain research plans to life, all of which will remain within the Ethereum family. To this end, we are officially announcing a stipend program for projects building “second layer” platforms on Ethereum； These platforms will build scalability, reduce latency, and also benefit from the security of the underlying Ethereum blockchain and interoperability with the larger Ethereum community and platform. Like the Sharding client program, this will take the form of a differentiated bonus program with stipends ranging from $50,000 to $1 million, depending on scope, scale and quality. Even if the project has an independent business model or receives funding from other potential sources in the Ethereum community, it is still possible to receive subsidies. ； But we will prioritize funding projects that cannot support themselves without subsidies, and it is particularly important that the funded work must be open source from beginning to end and provide public benefits to the Ethereum ecosystem. Funding goals include supporting the development of high-quality implementations of known existing layer 2 scaling strategies (e.g., state channels, Plasma), as well as research and development of new solutions. ConclusionAll of these projects are in a very early stage, and bonuses will be initially determined based on the decision-making power of Ethereum’s core leaders. Details, including terms, conditions, and plans for making payments may change based on our initial contact with program participants, and we expect the program to solidify and expand over the years. It's also worth pointing out that while the payouts from these partnership programs are much higher than what we've spent on previous bonus programs, these payouts also come with a much higher expectation of focus and quality. We are targeting technically proficient teams with direct experience in the Ethereum and blockchain space, or experience in broad areas such as mechanism design, distributed systems, or cryptography and software engineering. This project is highly targeted at Sharding clients and second layer scalability solutions ； This is not a bonus project in the ordinary sense. It is a project still under development and details will be released as soon as they are ready. How to applyThe first step is to send an email to apply@ethereumresearch.org with the following information:
If we are very interested we will proceed from here and request further information. Original link: https://blog.ethereum.org/2018/01/02/ethereum-scalability-research-development-subsidy-programs/ Author: Vitalik Buterin Translation & Proofreading: A Jian & Toya You might like: Dry information | Ethereum Sharding FAQ Dry information | Thunder Q&A Learn about Plasma in 10 minutes |
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